A sealer is typically a surface protective coating applied to an existing pavement or substrate to reduce oxidation, water ingress, and minor raveling, often with higher solids and fillers. A tack coat is a bonding layer between asphalt lifts, specified by residual binder rate and uniformity rather than aesthetic coverage. A prime coat is applied to granular base to prepare it for asphalt overlay, designed to penetrate and bind surface fines. While all may use emulsions, they differ in target residue, break behavior, and acceptance tests, so selecting the wrong product can cause bond failures or poor durability.