In cold mix, the emulsion coats aggregate at ambient temperature, then breaks and leaves asphalt residue that binds particles as water evaporates and the mix gains strength over time. In surface treatments such as chip seals and slurry, the emulsion acts as the adhesive layer that anchors aggregate or fine mineral mix to the pavement. Performance depends on controlled breaking, residue content, and adhesion to aggregate chemistry. Compared with hot binders, emulsions reduce energy use and improve safety, but they require careful curing management and are sensitive to weather and moisture conditions.