The formulation must build a continuous, pinhole free film, adhere to porous masonry, and resist intermittent moisture exposure. That usually requires higher solids, controlled viscosity for vertical surfaces, and a residue that remains flexible enough to tolerate movement while still resisting soil contact when protected. Additives may include fillers for body, fibers for thickness, and latex or polymer for crack bridging. The emulsifier system must remain stable in storage but break reliably on the substrate. Data sheets should specify wet mil thickness per coat, cure times, and compatibility with primers and reinforcement fabrics.