Which types of emulsifiers are used in bitumen emulsion production and how do they affect stability and breaking behavior?

Emulsifiers are commonly cationic, anionic, or non ionic surfactant systems chosen to match aggregate chemistry and required break speed. Cationic emulsifiers promote adhesion to many siliceous aggregates and can provide rapid to slow setting behavior depending on formulation and pH control. Anionic emulsifiers suit other mineral conditions and can offer different stability windows. Emulsifier selection controls droplet charge, size stability, storage life, and how quickly the emulsion breaks upon contact with aggregate and evaporating water. Incorrect selection often shows up as premature breaking, poor coating, or unstable storage.