Which physical and chemical characteristics define performance limits of industrial bitumen emulsions?

Performance limits are defined by the stability window and breaking behavior relative to real field conditions. Key limiters include excessive viscosity that prevents spraying, poor storage stability leading to settlement or skinning, incorrect particle charge causing weak adhesion, and water chemistry sensitivity leading to premature break. Chemical limits include pH drift, emulsifier depletion, contamination tolerance, and compatibility with fillers. Physical limits include droplet size distribution and residue properties, which govern film formation, chip retention, cohesion development, and resistance to moisture damage.