Which emulsifiers are commonly used in cationic and anionic bitumen emulsion production?

Cationic emulsions typically use amine-based emulsifiers activated by acid to produce positively charged droplets. Anionic emulsions use soaps derived from fatty acids or similar surfactants that create negatively charged droplets in alkaline conditions. Emulsifier selection depends on aggregate chemistry, required breaking behavior, temperature, and storage stability, making it a critical formulation decision rather than a generic additive choice.